Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This paper discusses five indicators of competitiveness: real exchange rates based on consumer price indices, export unit values of manufacturing goods, the relative price of traded to nontraded goods, normalized unit labor costs in manufacturing, and the ratio of normalized unit labor costs to value-added deflators in manufacturing. It discusses how each of these measures is associated with changes in a country’s balance of trade in goods and nonfactor services and examines the relationship among these indicators. It then examines the empirical performance of three of the indicators in terms of their ability to explain trade flows.

Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Price Level --- Inflation --- Deflation --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Trade: General --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Labour --- income economics --- International economics --- Consumer price indexes --- Real exchange rates --- Labor costs --- Real effective exchange rates --- Exports --- Prices --- International trade --- Price indexes --- United States

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This paper examines the impacts on welfare, savings, labor supply, and the government budget of several possible reforms of the Polish pension and unemployment benefit systems. The framework of analysis is a life cycle simulation model of household consumption, labor supply and retirement decisions. The paper builds on past work by Perraudin and Pujol (1992). The present study focusses on the length of averaging periods in pension benefit calculations, measures to offset incentives to early retirement, and interactions between pension and unemployment benefit systems.

Labor --- Public Finance --- Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits --- Private Pensions --- Social Security and Public Pensions --- Retirement --- Retirement Policies --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search --- Unemployment Insurance --- Severance Pay --- Plant Closings --- Pensions --- Labour --- income economics --- Pension spending --- Wages --- Unemployment --- Expenditure --- Poland, Republic of

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

In many countries of the former Soviet Union, pensioners form a large and vulnerable group of the population, with pensions fixed in nominal terms. Attempts to “protect” this group have included a revaluation of benefits for retirees and the introduction of indexation arrangements based on recent wage and price growth. In this paper, lagged indexation arrangements are shown to have large destabilizing effects that can potentially jeopardize the macroeconomic adjustment effort, particularly as inflation begins to decelerate. Some long-term problems relating to the aging of the population and associated policies are also discussed. Illustrative examples from Belarus are presented.

Inflation --- Labor --- Public Finance --- Demography --- Social Security and Public Pensions --- Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits --- Private Pensions --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Economics of the Elderly --- Economics of the Handicapped --- Non-labor Market Discrimination --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Pensions --- Labour --- income economics --- Population & demography --- Macroeconomics --- Pension spending --- Wages --- Aging --- Expenditure --- Population and demographics --- Prices --- Population aging --- Belarus, Republic of

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

614.7 --- Environmental policy --- -Environmental policy --- -AA / International- internationaal --- 305.8 --- 351.2 --- 355 --- Environment and state --- Environmental control --- Environmental management --- Environmental protection --- Environmental quality --- State and environment --- Environmental auditing --- Pollutie van lucht, water, grond--(openbare gezondheidszorg) --- Costs --- Research --- Econometrie van de investeringen, het gedrag van de onderneming. --- Openbare gezondheid. Milieubescherming. Milieuvervuiling. --- Milieu --- Government policy --- Costs. --- Research. --- AA / International- internationaal --- Environmental policy research --- Econometrie van de investeringen, het gedrag van de onderneming --- Openbare gezondheid. Milieubescherming. Milieuvervuiling

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Should India build a new steel mill, or London an urban motorway? Should higher education expand, or water supplies be improved? These are typical questions about which cost-benefit analysis has something to say. It is the main tool that economics provides for analysing problems of social choice. It also provides a useful vehicle for understanding the practical value of welfare economics. This new book of readings covers all the main problems that arise in a typical cost-benefit exercise. It is entirely up-to-date, reflecting the most recent research in the area. Part I covers the main theoretical issues affecting cost-benefit analysis. Part II considers the problem of ascribing a monetary value to things. The third part covers six separate case studies drawn from real-life examples. The book begins with an extended elementary introduction written by the editors.

Cost effectiveness --- 338.26 --- 658.1552 --- 339.312.2 --- 339.312.7 --- AA / International- internationaal --- Benefit cost analysis --- Capital output ratios --- Cost benefit analysis --- Costs, Industrial --- Engineering economy --- Value analysis (Cost control) --- 338.26 Economische planning. Nationale plannen. Ontwikkelingsplannen. Meerjarenplannen. Plattelandsontwikkeling. Rural development. Kosten-batenanlyse --- Economische planning. Nationale plannen. Ontwikkelingsplannen. Meerjarenplannen. Plattelandsontwikkeling. Rural development. Kosten-batenanlyse --- Maatstaven voor de beslissingen van investeringen --- Kosten en rentabiliteit van de investeringen --- Microeconomics --- Social costs. Social benefits --- Cost effectiveness. --- Social Sciences and Humanities. Management studies, Business Administration, Organizational Science --- Business Economics. --- Coût-efficacité --- Business, Economy and Management --- Economics